Saturday, November 3, 2018
WHAT IS BRICK MASONRY
November 03, 2018
Brick
The brick is obtained by the molding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks. as bricks are of uniform size, they can be properly arranged and further, as they are light in weight, no lifting appliance is required to for them. the brick does not require dressing and the art of laying bricks is so simple that the brickwork can be carried out even with the help of unskilled labourers. it's easily available in any place. the mortar to be used for the brick masonry.
size And Weight Of Brick
The BIS has recommended the brick of uniform size. such brick is known as the modular bricks and the actual size of modular brick is 190mmx90mmx90mm. with mortar thickness, size of such a brick becomes 200mmx100mmx100mm and it is known as the normal size of the modular brick. thus the nominal size of brick includes the mortar thickness.
it is found that the weight of 1cum of the brick earth is about 1800 kg. hence the average weight of a brick will be about 3 to 3.5kg.
Some Definitions
STRETCHER:- This is a brick laid with its length parallel to the face or front or direction of a wall. the course containing stretcher is called a stretcher is called a stretcher course.
HEADER:- This is a brick laid with its breadth or width parallel to the face or front or direction of a wall. the course containing headers is called header course
ARRIS:- The edges formed by the intersection of the plane surfaces of brick are called the arrises and they should be sharp, square and free from damage.
BED:- The lower surface of the brick when laid flat is known as the bed.
BED JOINT:- The horizontal layer of mortar upon which the bricks are laid is known as a bed joint.
LAP:- The horizontal distance the vertical joint in successive courses is termed as a lap and for a good bound, it should be one-fourth of the length of a brick.
Sunday, October 14, 2018
TYPES OF BUILDING
October 14, 2018
TYPES OF BUILDING
The building is defined as any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether used of human habitation or not and includes foundations, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing, and building s services, fixed platforms, verandah, balcony cornice or projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures according to national building code of India. Tents, shamianas, tarpaulin shelters, etc, are not included in the definition of a building.
As per the national building code of India, the building is classified into nine groups based on occupancy as follows:
Group A: Residential Building
Group B: Educational Building
Group C: Institutional Building
Group D: Assembly Building
Group E: Business Building
Group F: Mercantile Building
Group G: Industrial Building
Group H: Storage Building
Group I: Hazardous Building
1) Residential Building
The Buildings which are provided with sleeping accommodation for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking or dining or both the facilities, except any buildings classified under Group C. The buildings of Group A are further sub-divided into five groups as follows: Sub-
1. Sub-group A-1: Lodging or rooming houses
2. Sub-group A-2: One or two family private dwellings
3. Sub-group A-3: Dormitories
4. Sub-group A-4: Apartment houses (flats)
5. Sub-group A-5: Hotels
2) Educational building
Any school, college building or day-care center used for the educational purpose for more than 8 hours a week involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation.
3) Institutional building
There include any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes like medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity care of infants, aged persons, etc, The group is further divided into three sub-groups as mentioned below.
- Sub-group C-1: Hospitals and sanitaria
- Sub-group C-2: Custodial institutions
- Sub-group C-3: Penal institutions
4) Assembly building
Any building or part of the building like theatres, assembly halls, drama theatres ,auditorium, museums, exhibition halls,restaurants, place of worship, dancehalls, clubhouse, air terminals, surface of marine public transportation service, recreation piers, sports stadium, skating rinks, etc..., where group of people gather for amusement, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel or other similar purposes are included in this group. this group further divided into five sub-groups are below;
Business Building
any building or part of a building which is used for the transaction of business ( other than that covered by building in group F ) for the keeping account and records and similar purposes, barber shops, beauty parlors lunch counters serving less than people 100 people, is included in this groupsMERCANTILE BUILDING
This includes any building or parts or parts of the building, which is used as shops, offices, stores, markets, showrooms for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retailer
Industrial Building
This includes any building or parts or parts of the building in which products ormaterials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed. these include assembly plants, smokehouses, gas plants, refineries, dairies, textile mills, and sawmills.
Thursday, October 11, 2018
BONDS IN BRICKWORK
October 11, 2018
BONDS IN BRICKWORK
The bricks were of uniform size can be arranged conveniently in a variety of forms. some of the rules to be observed for getting a good bond are as follow:
- The amount of lap should be minimum one-fourth brick along the length of the wall and one -half brick across the thickness of the wall.
- The bricks should be of uniform size to get the uniform lap.
- The stretchers should be used in the facing. The hearting should be carried out with headers only.
- The use of brickbats should be discouraged except under special circumstances.
- The vertical joints in the alternate courses should be along the same perpend.
Types of bonds in brickwork
- Stretcher bond
- header bond
- English bond
- Flemish bond
- Diagonal bond
- Zig-Zag bond\
Stretcher Bond:- In this type of bond, all the bricks are arranged in the stretcher courses. The stretcher bond is useful for one-brick partition walls as there are no headers in such walls. As this bond does not develop the proper internal bond, it should not be used for walls having the thickness greater than that of the one brick wall.
Header Bond:- In this types of bond, all the bricks are arranged in the header course. the overlap is usually kept equal to half the width of brick and it is achieved by using three-quarter brickbats in each alternate courses as quoins. this bond does not have a strength to transmit pressure in the direction of the length of the wall. however, this bond is used for a curved surface in brickwork because of stretchers, if used for curved surfaces, would project beyond the face of the wall.
English Bond:- This types of bond is generally used in practice. the alternate courses consist of stretchers and headers. the queen closer is put next to the quoin header to develop the face lap. each alternate header is centrally supported over a stretcher.
Flemish Bond:- In this type of bond, the headers are distributed evenly and hence, it creates a better appearance than the English bond. In every course, the headers and stretchers are placed alternatively. The queen closer is put next to the quoin header in alternate courses to develop the face lap. Every header is centrally supported over a stretcher below it.
Diagonal bond:- The bricks are laid diagonally. The angle of inclination is so selected that there is minimum breaking of the bricks. The triangular pieces of bricks required near the sides are cut to shap. This bond is useful for walls having thickness of 2 to 4 bricks. It is used for the construction of the footings of high walls.
Zig-Zag:- The bricks are laid in a zig-zag fashion. It is commonly used for making ornamental panels in the flooring of bricks.
Monday, October 1, 2018
WHAT IS FOUNDATION
October 01, 2018
Foundation:-
Foundation is the lowest portion of a structure which transmits the load into the supporting soil. The main purpose of the foundation is to distribute the total weight of the superstructure over a large area of soil.
Classification of Foundation
- Shallow Foundation
- Deep Foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATION:-
Depth Of Foundation Less Or Equal To Width
Types Of Shallow Foundation
- Spread Footing
- Combined Footing
- Grillage Footing
- Raft Foundation
Spread or Isolated Footing:-
A spread footing (or isolated or pad) footing is provided to support an individual column. A spread footing is a circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness. Sometimes, it is stepped or haunched to spread the load over a large area.
these are some spread foundation
Combined Footing:
A common footing provided for two or more columns is known as a combined footing. This type of construction becomes useful when an exterior column situated near the boundary line of the plot and it is not possible to project its footing symmetrically on both the sides.
Rectangular & trapezoidal Combine Footing
Mat or Raft Foundations:
This method of increasing the bearing power of soil becomes very useful when the load coming on the soil is practically uniform, while the soil is of yielding natural. (e.g. soft clay or reclaimed soil).
the method consists of providing an R.C.C slab of suitable thickness and with necessary reinforcement. the raft is designed in such a way that the allowable bearing power of the soil is not exceeded. if required, beam and slab construction in R.C.C can be also carried out.
Grillage Foundation
In this method, the depth is limited to 1m to 1.5m and the width is increased considerably to bring the pressure on the soil within the permissible limits. the superstructure rests on two perpendicular tiers of R.S.J. grillage foundation for a steel stanchion and a wall respectively.
Inverted Arches Foundation
The method consists in constructing the inverted arches between the piers. the rise of the inverted arch is about 1/5to 1/10 of the span and the inverted arch is invariably built in half-brick rings.
Deep Foundation:-
Depth Of Foundation Greater than width It’s Called Deep Foundation
Types Of Deep Foundation
The piles are broadly classified into the following two categories
- Load Bearing Piles
- Non-load Bearing Piles
Load Bearing Piles
These piles bear the load coming from the structure. the piles are generally driven vertically or in near vertical position. when a horizontal force is to be resisted, the piles may be driven in an inclined position and such inclined piles are termed as the batter piles.
- Bearing Piles:-
- These piles penetrate through the soft soil and their bottoms rest on a hard bed. thus, they end bearing pile and act as columns or piers. the soft ground through which the pier pass also gives some lateral support and thus increase the load carrying capacity of the bearing piles.
- Friction Piles:
When loose soil extends to a great depth, the piles are driven up to such a depth that's the frictional resistance developed at the sides of the piles equals the load coming on the piles. great care taken should be taken to determine the frictional resistance offered by the soil and suitable factor of safety should be provided in the design.
The total frictional resistance can be increased in the following ways.
- By increasing the diameter of the pile.
- By driving the pile to a greater depth.
- By making the surface of pile rough.
- By placing the pile closely.
- By grouping the piles.
Non-load bearing piles
These piles are used to function as the separating members below ground level and they are generally not designed to take any vertical load. however such piles are indeed to be designed to carry the horizontal earth pressure.Concrete Sheet Piles:-
These piles are always pre-cast and the reinforcement is provided as per design. the piles are square or rectangular in cross section and they are driven side by side so as to form a continuous wall. the width of pre-cast R.C.C. piles varies from 500mm to 600mm and the thickness varies from 20mm to 60mm.the reinforcement is in the form of vertical bars and hoops.
Steel Sheet Piles:-
The steel sheet piles are now commonly used. the various patented forms have been developed for the steel sheet piles. they are generally made from steel sheets 200mm to 300mm wide and 4m to 5m long with suitable interlocking arrangments so as to form fairly watertight joints.
Timber Sheet Piles:-
The wooden sheet piles are commonly used for the temporary works such as cofferdams.they usually consist of wooden boards 80mm to 150mm thick, 200mm to 300mm wide and 2 meters to 4 meters long.
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